Reviewing the current state of virtual reality integration in medical education – a scoping review | BMC Medical Education

0
Reviewing the current state of virtual reality integration in medical education – a scoping review | BMC Medical Education
  • Jerald J. The VR book: human-centered design for virtual reality. New York: ACM; 2015.

    Book 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez F, Pierce J, Vergara VM, Coulter R, Saland L, Caudell TP, et al. The effect of degree of immersion upon learning performance in virtual reality simulations for medical education. Stud Health Technol Inf. 2007;125:155–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyaw BM, Saxena N, Posadzki P, Vseteckova J, Nikolaou CK, George PP, et al. Virtual reality for health professions education: systematic review and meta-analysis by the digital health education collaboration. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21:e12959.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bric JD, Lumbard DC, Frelich MJ, Gould JC. Current state of virtual reality simulation in robotic surgery training: a review. Surg Endosc. 2016;30:2169–78.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard SG, Juanes JA, García Peñalvo FJ, Estella JMG, Ledesma MJS, Ruisoto P. Virtual reality as an educational and training tool for medicine. J Med Syst. 2018;42:50.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Creutzfeldt J, Hedman L, Felländer-Tsai L. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training by avatars: a qualitative study of medical students’ experiences using a multiplayer virtual world. JMIR Serious Games. 2016;4:e22.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergen M, Meyerheim M, Graf N. Towards integrating virtual reality into medical curricula: a single center student survey. Educ Sci. 2023;13:477.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Real FJ, DeBlasio D, Beck AF, Ollberding NJ, Davis D, Cruse B, et al. A virtual reality curriculum for pediatric residents decreases rates of influenza vaccine refusal. Acad Pediatr. 2017;17:431–5.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke SM. Cultivating critical thinking using virtual interactive case studies. J Pediatr Nurs. 2017;33:94–6.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jans C, Bogossian F, Andersen P, Levett-Jones T. Examining the impact of virtual reality on clinical decision making – an integrative review. Nurse Educ Today. 2023;125:105767.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bracq M-S, Michinov E, Jannin P. Virtual reality simulation in nontechnical skills training for healthcare professionals. Simul Healthc. 2019;14:188–94.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallavicini F, Pepe A, Clerici M, Mantovani F. Virtual reality applications in Medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: systematic review. JMIR Serious Games. 2022;10:e35000.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Birrenbach T, Zbinden J, Papagiannakis G, Exadaktylos AK, Müller M, Hautz WE, et al. Effectiveness and utility of virtual reality simulation as an educational tool for safe performance of COVID-19 diagnostics: prospective, randomized pilot trial. JMIR Serious Games. 2021;9:e29586.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • De Ponti R, Marazzato J, Maresca AM, Rovera F, Carcano G, Ferrario MM. Pre-graduation medical training including virtual reality during COVID-19 pandemic: a report on students’ perception. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20:332.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter S, Speidel R, Hann A, Leitner J, Jerg-Bretzke L, Kropp P, et al. Skepticism towards advancing VR technology – student acceptance of VR as a teaching and assessment tool in medicine. GMS J Med Educ. 2021;38:Doc100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haerling KA. Cost-utility analysis of virtual and mannequin-based Simulation. Simul Healthc. 2018;13:33–40.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Aslani N, Behmanesh A, Garavand A, Maleki M, Davoodi F, Shams R. The virtual reality technology effects and features in cardiology interventions training: a scoping review. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2022;36:77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergen M, Junga A, Risse B, Valkov D, Graf N, Marschall B, et al. Immersive training of clinical decision making with AI driven virtual patients – a new VR platform called medical tr.AI.ning. GMS J Med Educ. 2023;40:1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang H, Vimalesvaran S, Wang JK, Lim KB, Mogali SR, Car LT. Virtual reality in medical students’ education: scoping review. JMIR Med Educ. 2022;8:e34860.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lie SS, Helle N, Sletteland NV, Vikman MD, Bonsaksen T. Implementation of virtual reality in Health professions Education: scoping review. JMIR Med Educ. 2023;9:e34860.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • May C. Towards a general theory of implementation. Implement Sci. 2013;8:18.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhar E, Upadhyay U, Huang Y, Uddin M, Manias G, Kyriazis D, et al. A scoping review to assess the effects of virtual reality in medical education and clinical care. Digit Health. 2023;9:205520762311580.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Synth. 2020;18:2119–26.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:467–73.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4:1.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergen M, Meyerheim M, Graf N. Reviewing the current state of virtual reality integration in medical education – a scoping review protocol. Syst Rev. 2023;12:97.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Piper C. System for the unified management, assessment, and review of information (SUMARI). J Med Libr Assoc. 2019;107:634–6.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan N, Dubey VN, Wainwright TW, Middleton RG. A review of virtual reality based training simulators for orthopaedic surgery. Med Eng Phys. 2016;38:59–71.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boey S, Maes M, Mertens P. Teaching hip surgery to orthopaedic residents: what’s new? HIP Int. 2020;30(1suppl):42–7.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher AG, Ritter EM, Satava RM. Fundamental principles of validation, and reliability: rigorous science for the assessment of surgical education and training. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:1525–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guedes HG, Câmara Costa Ferreira ZM, Ribeiro de Sousa Leão L, Souza Montero EF, Otoch JP. Artifon EL De A. virtual reality simulator versus box-trainer to teach minimally invasive procedures: a meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2019;61:60–8.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Saleh GM, Gauba V, Mitra A, Litwin AS, Chung AKK, Benjamin L. Objective structured assessment of cataract surgical skill. Arch Ophtalmol. 2007;125:363–6.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Abbas JR, Kenth JJ, Bruce IA. The role of virtual reality in the changing landscape of surgical training. J Laryngol Otol. 2020;134:863–6.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaitanidis A, Simopoulos C, Pitiakoudis M. What to consider when designing a laparoscopic colorectal training curriculum: a review of the literature. Tech Coloproctol. 2018;22:151–60.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett JD, Lawrence JE, Stewart ME, Nakano N, Khanduja V. Does virtual reality simulation have a role in training trauma and orthopaedic surgeons? Bone Joint J. 2018;100–B:559–65.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Madan SS, Pai DR. Role of simulation in arthroscopy training. Simul Healthc. 2014;9:127–35.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong M, Rozenblit JW, Hamilton AJ. Simulation-based surgical training systems in laparoscopic surgery: a current review. Virtual Real. 2021;25:491–510.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohre R, Warner JJP, Athwal GS, Goel DP. The evolution of virtual reality in shoulder and elbow surgery. JSES Int. 2020;4:215–23.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakshi SK, Lin SR, Ting DSW, Chiang MF, Chodosh J. The era of artificial intelligence and virtual reality: transforming surgical education in ophthalmology. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021;105:1325–8.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Badash I, Burtt K, Solorzano CA, Carey JN. Innovations in surgery simulation: a review of past, current and future techniques. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4:453–453.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Walbron P, Thomazeau H, Sirveaux F. Virtual reality simulation in Der Orthopädie Und Unfallchirurgie in Frankreich. Unfallchirurg. 2019;122:439–43.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Harpham-Lockyer L. Role of virtual reality simulation in endoscopy training. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;7:1287.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton D, McKechnie J, Edgerton E, Wilson C. Immersive virtual reality as a pedagogical tool in education: a systematic literature review of quantitative learning outcomes and experimental design. J Comput Educ. 2021;8:1–32.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Piot M, Dechartres A, Attoe C, Jollant F, Lemogne C, Layat Burn C, et al. Simulation in psychiatry for medical doctors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Educ. 2020;54:696–708.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohre R, Warner JJP, Morrey BR, Athwal GS, Morrey ME, Mazzocca AD, et al. Mitigating surgical skill decay in orthopaedics using virtual simulation learning. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2021;5:5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasan LK, Haratian A, Kim M, Bolia IK, Weber AE, Petrigliano FA. Virtual reality in orthopedic surgery training. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2021;12:1295–301.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrath JL, Taekman JM, Dev P, Danforth DR, Mohan D, Kman N, et al. Using virtual reality simulation environments to assess competence for emergency medicine learners. Acad Emerg Med. 2018;25:186–95.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones C, Jones D, Moro C. Use of virtual and augmented reality-based interventions in health education to improve dementia knowledge and attitudes: an integrative review. BMJ Open. 2021;11.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bui I, Bhattacharya A, Wong SH, Singh HR, Agarwal A. Role of three-dimensional visualization modalities in Medical Education. Front Pediatr. 2021;9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Q, Wang Y, Lu L, Chen Y, Long H, Wang J. Virtual simulation in undergraduate medical education: a scoping review of recent practice. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:855403.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell K, Taylor V, Douglas S. Effectiveness of online cancer education for nurses and allied health professionals; a systematic review using Kirkpatrick evaluation framework. J Cancer Educ. 2019;34:339–56.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Helou S, Khalil N, Daou M, El Helou E. Virtual reality for healthcare: a scoping review of commercially available applications for head-mounted displays. Digit Health. 2023;9:205520762311786.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mavrogiorgou P, Böhme P, Hooge V, Pfeiffer T, Juckel G. Virtuelle Realität in Der Lehre Im Fach Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie. Nervenarzt. 2022;93:728–34.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Arslan S, Kuzu Kurban N, Takmak Ş, Şanlialp Zeyrek A, Öztik S, Şenol H. Effectiveness of simulation-based peripheral intravenous catheterization training for nursing students and hospital nurses: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Clin Nurs. 2022;31:483–96.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Richard O, Jollant F, Billon G, Attoe C, Vodovar D, Piot M-A. Simulation training in suicide risk assessment and intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Educ Online. 2023;28.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim H-Y, Kim E-Y. Effects of medical education program using virtual reality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Combs CD, Combs PF. Emerging roles of virtual patients in the age of AI. AMA J Ethics. 2019;21:E153-159.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Escobar-Castillejos D, Noguez J, Bello F, Neri L, Magana AJ, Benes B. A review of training and guidance systems in medical surgery. Appl Sci. 2020;10.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Piromchai P, Avery A, Laopaiboon M, Kennedy G, O’Leary S. Virtual reality training for improving the skills needed for performing surgery of the ear, nose or throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010198.pub2.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghoman SK, Patel SD, Cutumisu M, von Hauff P, Jeffery T, Brown MRG, et al. Serious games, a game changer in teaching neonatal resuscitation? A review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2020;105:98–107.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhugaonkar K, Bhugaonkar R, Masne N. The trend of metaverse and augmented & virtual reality extending to the healthcare system. Cureus. 2022;14:e29071.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed TM, Hussain B, Siddiqui MAR. Can simulators be applied to improve cataract surgery training: a systematic review. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2020;5:e000488.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jallad ST, Işık B. The effectiveness of virtual reality simulation as learning strategy in the acquisition of medical skills in nursing education: a systematic review. Ir J Med Sci. 2022;191:1407–26.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Trehan K, Kemp CD, Yang SC. Simulation in cardiothoracic surgical training: where do we stand? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147:18-e242.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelmini AYP, Duarte ML, Assis AM, de, Guimarães Junior JB, Carnevale FC. Virtual reality in interventional radiology education: a systematic review. Radiol Bras. 2021;54:254–60.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno RR, Wolff G, Wernly B, Masyuk M, Piayda K, Leaver S, et al. Virtual and augmented reality in critical care medicine: the patient’s, clinician’s, and researcher’s perspective. Crit Care. 2022;26:326.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah S, Aydin A, Fisher R, Ahmed K, Froghi S, Dasgupta P. Current status of simulation-based training tools in general surgery: a systematic review. Int J Surg Open. 2022;38:100427.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin JC, Yu Z, Scott IU, Greenberg PB. Virtual reality training for cataract surgery operating performance in ophthalmology trainees. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014953.pub2.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Agyeman KD, Summers SH, Massel DH, Mouhanna J, Aiyer A, Dodds SD. Innovation in orthopaedic surgery education: novel tools for modern times. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28:e782-92.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chawla S, Devi S, Calvachi P, Gormley WB, Rueda-Esteban R. Evaluation of simulation models in neurosurgical training according to face, content, and construct validity: a systematic review. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2022;164:947–66.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan GV, Callaghan S, Rafferty A, Higgins MF, Mangina E, McAuliffe F. Learning outcomes of immersive technologies in health care student education: systematic review of the literature. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Barteit S, Lanfermann L, Bärnighausen T, Neuhann F, Beiersmann C. Augmented, mixed, and virtual reality-based head-mounted devices for Medical Education: systematic review. JMIR Serious Games. 2021;9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwell G, Kuusinen R. A framework for the evaluation of e-learning. In: Attwell G, editor. Evaluating E-learning: a guide to the evaluation of E-learning. 2007. p. 14–6.

  • Chen F-Q, Leng Y-F, Ge J-F, Wang D-W, Li C, Chen B, et al. Effectiveness of virtual reality in nursing education: Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagendran M, Gurusamy KS, Aggarwal R, Loizidou M, Davidson BR. Virtual reality training for surgical trainees in laparoscopic surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006575.pub3.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Naur TMH, Nilsson PM, Pietersen PI, Clementsen PF, Konge L. Simulation-based training in flexible bronchoscopy and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA): a systematic review. Respiration. 2017;93:355–62.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Birckhead B, Khalil C, Liu X, Conovitz S, Rizzo A, Danovitch I, et al. Recommendations for methodology of virtual reality clinical trials in health care by an international working group: iterative study. JMIR Ment Health. 2019;6.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Monitoring and evaluating digital health interventions: a practical guide to conducting research and assessment. Geneva; 2016.

  • Elston P, Canale GP, Ail G, Fisher N, Mahendran M. Twelve tips for teaching in virtual reality. Med Teach. 2023;:1–5.

  • Orgill BD, Nolin J. Learning Taxonomies in Medical Simulation. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2023.

  • Svendsen MS, Achiam M. Defining medical simulators for simulation-based education in EUS: theoretical approach and a narrative review. Endosc Ultrasound. 2022;11:95.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bing EG, Brown ML, Cuevas A, Sullivan R, Parham GP. User experience with low-cost virtual reality cancer surgery simulation in an African setting. JCO Glob Oncol. 2021;7:435–42.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Liu X, Zheng B. Virtual reality simulation in training endoscopic skills: a systematic review. Laparosc Endosc Robot Surg. 2021;4:97–104.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, Xu X, Jiang H, Ding Y. The effectiveness of virtual reality-based technology on anatomy teaching: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20:127.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vayssiere P, Constanthin PE, Herbelin B, Blanke O, Schaller K, Bijlenga P. Application of virtual reality in neurosurgery: patient missing. A systematic review. J Clin Neurosci. 2022;95:55–62.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • De la Cruz-Ku G, Mallouh MP, Torres Roman JS, Linshaw D. Three-dimensional virtual reality in surgical planning for breast cancer with reconstruction. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2023;11:2050313X2311792.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Laskay NMB, George JA, Knowlin L, Chang TP, Johnston JM, Godzik J. Optimizing surgical performance using preoperative virtual reality planning: a systematic review. World J Surg. 2023;47:2367–77.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinôco JD, de Enders S, Sonenberg BC, de Lira A. C. Virtual clinical simulation in nursing education: a concept analysis. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh. 2021;18.

  • Flin R, O’Connor P, Crichton M. Safety at the Sharp End: A Guide to Non-Technical Skills. 1st edition. London: CRC Press; 2008.

  • Webseite des Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkataloges Medizin NKLM. Accessed 17 Jul 2023.

  • Tang YM, Chau KY, Kwok APK, Zhu T, Ma X. A systematic review of immersive technology applications for medical practice and education – trends, application areas, recipients, teaching contents, evaluation methods, and performance. Educ Res Rev. 2022;35.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen L, Konradsen F. A review of the use of virtual reality head-mounted displays in education and training. Educ Inf Technol. 2018;23:1515–29.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Davids J, Manivannan S, Darzi A, Giannarou S, Ashrafian H, Marcus HJ. Simulation for skills training in neurosurgery: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and analysis of progressive scholarly acceptance. Neurosurg Rev. 2021;44:1853–67.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Antel R, Abbasgholizadeh-Rahimi S, Guadagno E, Harley JM, Poenaru D. The use of artificial intelligence and virtual reality in doctor-patient risk communication: a scoping review. Patient Educ Couns. 2022;105:3038–50.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Asghar MS, Zaman BS, Zahid A. Past, present, and future of surgical simulation and perspective of a developing country: a narrative review. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71:2770–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyer-Berjot L, Aggarwal R. Toward technology-supported surgical training: the potential of virtual simulators in laparoscopic surgery. Scand J Surg. 2013;102:221–6.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmood T, Scaffidi MA, Khan R, Grover SC. Virtual reality simulation in endoscopy training: current evidence and future directions. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24:5439–45.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Obdeijn MC, Bavinck N, van der Mathoulin C, Schijven MP, Tuijthof GJM. Education in wrist arthroscopy: past, present and future. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23:1337–45.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson AJ, Miller G, Rukin N. Simulation in urological training: where are we in 2017? J Clin Urol. 2017;10:548–56.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Taba JV, Cortez VS, Moraes WA, Iuamoto LR, Hsing WT, Suzuki MO, et al. The development of laparoscopic skills using virtual reality simulations: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2021;16.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • n der Wiel SE, Küttner Magalhães R, Rocha Gonçalves CR, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Bruno MJ, Koch AD. Simulator training in gastrointestinal endoscopy – from basic training to advanced endoscopic procedures. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2016;30:375–87.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Beqari J, Seymour NE. Application of technology to educational needs in surgery. J Surg Oncol. 2021;124:181–92.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nassar AK, Al-Manaseer F, Knowlton LM, Tuma F. Virtual reality (VR) as a simulation modality for technical skills acquisition. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021;71:102945.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Baniasadi T, Ayyoubzadeh SM, Mohammadzadeh N. Challenges and practical considerations in applying virtual reality in Medical Education and Treatment. Oman Med J. 2020;35:e125-125.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira L, Figueiredo E. Simulation training methods in neurological surgery. Asian J Neurosurg. 2019;14:364–70.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong CW, Tan MCJ, Lam M, Koh VTC. Applications of extended reality in ophthalmology: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sikder S, Tuwairqi K, Al-Kahtani E, Myers WG, Banerjee P. Surgical simulators in cataract surgery training. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:154–8.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott T, Gerth MA, Emrich L, Buggenhagen H, Werner C. Simulation. Z Herz- Thorax- Gefäßchir. 2017;31:83–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva C, Xiong J, Rajput S. Simulation-based surgical education in cardiothoracic training. ANZ J Surg. 2020;90:978–83.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudarakanchana N, Desender L, Van Herzeele I, Cheshire NJ. Virtual reality simulation for the optimization of endovascular procedures: current perspectives. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2015;11:195.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Abi-Rafeh J, Zammit D, Mojtahed Jaberi M, Al-Halabi B, Thibaudeau S. Nonbiological microsurgery simulators in plastic surgery training. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;144:e496-507.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopreiato JO, Sawyer T. Simulation-based medical education in pediatrics. Acad Pediatr. 2015;15:134–42.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy E, Bakr MM, George R. The need for virtual reality simulators in dental education: a review. Saudi Dent J. 2017;29:41–7.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Karbasi Z, Niakan Kalhori R. Application and evaluation of virtual technologies for anatomy education to medical students: a review. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2020;34:163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moro C, Birt J, Stromberga Z, Phelps C, Clark J, Glasziou P, et al. Virtual and augmented reality enhancements to medical and science student physiology and anatomy test performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anat Sci Educ. 2021;14:368–76.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao G, Fan M, Yuan Y, Zhao F, Huang H. The comparison of teaching efficiency between virtual reality and traditional education in medical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9:252–252.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • link

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *